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QUESTION PAPER CODE 53076
B.E/ B.TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION’
NOVEMBER / DECEMBER 2010
FIFTH SEMESTER
CIVIL ENGINEERING
CE 2301 - IRRIGATION ENGINEERING
(REGULATION 2008)
Time: Three Hours Maximum: 100 marks
PART A (10 x 2 = 20 MARKS)
1. What is meant by flow-duty and quantity duty
2. How do you classify irrigation projects?
3. What are the various methods of irrigation?
4. Explain why sprinkler irrigation preferred to other methods of irrigation.
5. What are different types of dams based on the function served?
6. What is spillway?
7. Differentiate alluvial soil from non alluvial soil.
8: Mention the various types of cross drainage works used-in canal systems.
9. What is meant by conjunctive use of water?
10. Explain user participation.
PART B (5 x l6 = 80 marks)
11.a) Define irrigation. What is the necessity for irrigation and what are the advantages of direct and indirect benefits of irrigation?
OR
11. b) What is meant by duty and delta of canal water? Derive a relationship between duty and delta for a given base period, Derive briefly the factor affecting duty
12. a) Describe comparatively various methods of applying water to the land in general? Describe in detail sprinkler irrigation method and enumerate its advantages.
12. b) Define and explain the following terms’
13. a) What are the different types of weirs? Discuss their salient features and give Mame advahtages and disadvantages of weir and barrage
OR
13. b. Definition of gravity dam and enumerate the various forces acting on a gravity dam. What are the essential requirements of a spillway and its ‘factors affecting the required spillway capacity?
14. a. What are different ways in which the irrigation canals can be aligned? What is meant by canal drops and enumerate the various the various types of canal drops which have been used since olden
days?
OR
14. b. Write short notes on the following:
l5. a What is meant by irrigation water management and what are the objectives of water management? Discuss in detail for the various components of water management.
OR
15. b). Explain soil management. What are the various types of water losses which occur in an irrigation canal? Discuss in detail for water management in farms
Answers for CE 2301 Irrigation Engineering 2010 Question Paper
QUESTION PAPER CODE: 53076
RE/ B.TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION, NOVEMBER / DECEMBER 2010
FIFTH SEMESTER
CIVIL ENGINEERING I
CE 2301- IRRIGATION ENGINEERING
(REGULATION 2008)
Time: Three Hours Maximum: 100 marks
PART A(10 x 2 = 20 MARKS)
1. What is meant by flow duty and quantity duty?
A Flow Duty is defined as the area irrigated by a unit discharge of water flowing Continuously for the duration of the base period of a crop. Quantity Duty: it represents the irrigating capacity of a unit of water. It is the relation between the area of a crop irrigated and the quantity of irrigation water required during the entire period of the growth of that crop.
2. How do you classify irrigation projects?
Agricultural establishments capable of applying controlled amounts of water to lands to produce crops are termed irrigation projects. These projects mainly consist of engineering (or hydraulic) structures which collect, Convey, and deliver water to areas on which. crops are grown. Irrigation projects, may range from a small farm unit to those serving extensive areas of millions of hectares. A small irrigation project may consist of a low diversion weir or an inexpensive pumping plant along
with small ditches (channels) and, some minor control Structures. A large irrigation project includes a'large storage reservoir, a huge dam, hundreds of kilometers of canals, branches and distributaries, control structures, and other works. Assuming all other factors (such as enlightened and experienced farmers, availability of good seeds, etc)” reasonably favorable, the following can be listed as conditions essential for the success of any irrigation project.
3. What are all the methods of Irrigation?
I . Irrigation methods
- Surface irrigation
- Sub Surface irrigation
- Sprinkler irrigation
- Flooding irrigation
- Furrow method
- Counter farming
- Wild flooding
- Controlled flooding
- Free flooding
- Counter
- Border strips
- Checks
- Basin
- Zigzag
4. Explain why sprinkler irrigation is preferred to other methods of irrigation.
i. The land cannot be prepared for surface methods.
ii. Slopes are excessive
iii. Topography is irregular.
iv. Soil is erosive
v. 7 Soil is excessively permeable or impermeable.
5. What are different types of dams based on the function served?
(a) Storage dam
(b) Detention dam
(c) Diversion dam
(d) Multipurpose dam
6. What is spillway?
Spillway can be constructed either as part of the main dam, such as in overflow section of a concrete dam or as a separate structure altogether. Besides being capable-of releasing surplus, water, a spillway must be able to meet hydraulic and structural requirements and must be located such that spillway discharges do not damage the toe of the dam.
7. Differentiate alluvial soil from non alluvial soil.
Alluvial soils: Sediment material deposited in bodies of water, deltas, and along the banks of the overflowing streams forms alluvial soils.
Non alluvial soil: Moutaineous regions may go on disintegrating over a period of time,resulting in the, formation of a rocky plain area called non alluvial soil
8. Mention the various types of cross drainage works used in canal systems
i. Structures for a Carrier Channel Over Natural Stream
ii. Structures for a Carrier Channel Underneath a Natural Stream.
iii-Structures for Carrier Channel Crossing a Natural Stream at the Same Level
9. What is meant by conjunctive use of water?
The combined use of surface and subsurface water resources of a given area. in a judicious manner to derive maximum benefits is called conjunctive use of water.
10. Explain user participation.
The farmer (user) forms the target group for all irrigation management and, hence, is a good source of first hand information right from the investigation to the operational stage of any irrigation system. It is, therefore, recognized that the participation of the farmer in all stages of the irrigation system would be very beneficial.
PART B - (5 x 16 = 80 marks)
11. (a) Define irrigation. What is the necessity'for irrigation and what are the advantages of direct and indirect benefits of irrigation?
Ans: Refer Q.No.11 (a) - May/June 2012 [This contents will be inlcuded later. Check back after some times]
11. (b) What is meant by duty and delta of canal water? Derive a relationship between duty and delta for a given base period. Derive briefly the factor/affecting duty.
Duty represents the irrigating Capacity of a unit of water. It is the relation between the area of a crop irrigated and the quantity of irrigation water required during the entire period of the growth of that crop.
Factors affecting duty:
1. Methods and Systems of irrigation: In the perennial irrigation system, soil is continually kept moist, and hence water required for initial saturation is less. Also, due to shallow depth of the water tube, deep percolation losses are less. In the inundation irrigation, there is wasteful use of water. Hence, the perennial irrigation system has a more duty than the inundation irrigation. The flow irrigation system has lower duty due to the conveyance losses in the network of the canals, While the lift irrigation system has higher duty because the commanded area of each well is very near to it. Tank irrigation has high duty due to rigid control.
2. Mode of applying Water: The flood irrigation system has lesser duty than the furrow system. Sub-irrigation system gives still higher duty. The basin irrigation and uncontrolled ‘flooding‘ give less duty.
3, Method of ‘cultivation: If the land is properly ploughed and made quite loose before irrigating, the soil will have high water retention capacity in its unsaturated zone. Thus the number of watering can be reduced, increasing the duty.
4. Time and frequency of tilling: Frequency of cultivation reduces the loss of moisture through weeds. When the soil is in good tilth, evaporation losses from the surface of soil is less, soil becomes properly aerated, and hence the yield of crop is also better.
5. Type of crop: Duty varies from crop to crop.
Delta of canal: As a canal approaches the river, it dumps its sediment load into it and the river mouth extends towards the sea on account of the sediment deposition. This lengthening of the canal further reduces the already small slope of the canal at its mouth. Thus, the sediment transporting capacity of the canal decreases and the canal deposits the sediment on the bed and banks of the canal channel raising the canal Stage. In general, the rise in the canal stage results in spilling over the banks and cutting through the banks if they are not sufficiently resistant. The spilled water may form branch channels or spill channels which after their full development, start behaving like 'the parent canal. As a result, the sediment transport capacity decreases considerably and the canal bed starts rising resulting in the formation of delta.
Base period: The time between the first watering of a crop at the time of its Sowing to its last watering before harvesting is called the base Period .
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