Dr. MGR University AUGUST 2012 Question Paper
Subject : PAPER II – RADIOCHEMISTRY AND RADIO PHARMACY
[LB 0212] Sub. Code: 2112B.Sc. NUCLEAR MEDICINE TECHNOLOGY
SECOND YEAR
PAPER II – RADIOCHEMISTRY AND RADIO PHARMACY
Q.P. Code: 802112
Time : Three Hours Maximum : 100 marks
(Answer ALL questions in the same order.
I. Elaborate on: Pages Time Marks
(Max.) (Max.) (Max.)
1. Explain the various processes involved in the ‘Production
of Radionuclides’. 7 20 min. 10
2. Dry generator system with diagram explaining its concept. 7 20 min. 10
3. Behavior of Radioactive tracers in the body with a note
on Physical & Biological half life. 7 20 min. 10
II. Write Notes on:
1. Atomic & Molecular structure. 4 10 min. 5
2. Logistics of Receipt & Storage of Radioactive materials. 4 10 min. 5
3. Ideal characteristics of Radiopharmaceuticals. 4 10 min. 5
4. Define the following terms-Atomic Number, Mass
Number and give appropriate examples. 4 10 min. 5
5. Parent –Daughter relationship of radionuclide with example. 4 10 min. 5
6. Procedure for Hepatobiliary (Bulida) Scan including
patient preparation. 4 10 min. 5
7. What is ‘Radionuclide purity’ and name the undesired
radionuclide in Tc99m? 4 10 min. 5
8. Fate of Radiopharmaceuticals in the body. What is
the target organ in a ‘Hepatobiliary Scan’? 4 10 min. 5
III. Short Answers on:
1. Name the various types of Bonding. 2 4 min. 3
2. Preparation of TC99m-RBC and where is it used. 2 4 min. 3
3. Name the two ‘Solvent’ systems used in Tc99m
Radiopharmaceuticals. 2 4 min. 3
4. Preparation of TC99m-Sulfur Colloid and where is it used. 2 4 min. 3
5. What is meant by ‘Antigen-Antibody ‘reaction? 2 4 min. 3
6. Define Labeling efficiency and how is it determined. 2 4 min. 3
7. What is ‘Pyrogenicity” and the methods used for its testing? 2 4 min. 3
8. Mo99 contamination check. 2 4 min. 3
9. Radioactive symbol . 2 4 min. 3
10. Define Acids & Bases. 2 4 min. 3
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Dr. MGR University AUGUST 2013 Question Paper
Subject : PAPER II – RADIOCHEMISTRY AND RADIO PHARMACY
[LD 0212] Sub. Code: 2112B.Sc. NUCLEAR MEDICINE TECHNOLOGY
SECOND YEAR
PAPER II – RADIOCHEMISTRY AND RADIO PHARMACY
Q.P. Code: 802112
Time : Three Hours Maximum : 100 marks
Answer ALL questions
I. Elaborate on: (3 x 10 = 30)
1. Discuss the different radiopharmaceutical used for hepato biliary and
reticuloendotehlial imaging lo liver.
2. Describe the different mechanisms of localization of radiopharmaceutical in a given
organ.
3. Define radiochemical purity of a radiopharmaceutical. Describe various methods of
determining the radiopharmaceutical purity.
II. Write notes on: (8 x 5 = 40)
1. State the oxidation states of Tc99m in a.Tc99m DTPa,Tc99m albumin and Tc99m
HIDA.
2. What is the compound for myocardial infarct imaging? Mention the time of
imaging after injection and the dose used.
3. How do you perform Meckels diverticulum imaging?
4. What is the common radiopharmaceutical used for lymphoscintigraphy? What are
the common diseases that can be diagnosed?
5. Describe the different mechanisms of localization of radiopharmaceutical in a
given organ.
6. What are colloids? What are they used for?
7. What is Bexar? Describe briefly about its use.
8. Mention the various ventilation scan agents.
III. Short Answers on: (10 x 3 = 30)
1. How will you separate I131 from the fission products of U235?
2. What is the mechanism of localization of MAA in the lungs?
3. State the recommended temperature for storage ofTc9m sulfur colloid.
4. How will you separate I131 from the fission products of U235?
5. Why do you wait for 3 hours for bone scan imaging after injection?
6. Mention the dose limits of packages of radioactive material.
7. What is the recommended temperature for storage of Tc99m MAA?
8. Why is I131 MIBG is taken up by neuro blastoma?
9. What are the most useful phosphonate compounds for bone imaging?
10. State the disadvantage of liquid column generator (Solvent extraction).
*******
Dr. MGR University FEBRUARY 2014 Question Paper
Subject : PAPER II – RADIOCHEMISTRY AND RADIO PHARMACY
[LE 0212] Sub. Code: 2112B.Sc. NUCLEAR MEDICINE TECHNOLOGY
SECOND YEAR
PAPER II – RADIOCHEMISTRY AND RADIO PHARMACY
Q.P. Code: 802112
Time : Three Hours Maximum : 100 marks
Answer ALL questions
I. Elaborate on: (3 x 10 = 30)
1. Describe the structure of nephron and various radiopharmaceuticals used in renal
function evaluation.
2. What are ligands and chelating agents? Define coordination number and explain
complex formation.
3. Define radionuclide purity. Describe how radionuclide purity can be Estimated.
II. Write notes on: (8 x 5 = 40)
1. Describe the chemistry of Tc99m, its reduction, and labeling.
2. Describe the electrovalent or ionic bond.
3. Describe the coordinate covalent bond.
4. Describe an ideal radiopharmaceutical.
5. Mention the major four steps in the synthesis of thyroid hormone.
6. Why is Alumina undesirable in Tc99m eluate? What is the permissible limit of
Aluminium concentration in Tc99m eluate?
7. Why is Tc99m RBC preferred to Tc99m Sulfur colloid in GI bleeding scan?
8. Describe the various types of quality control tests to be performed for
Radiopharmaceutical.
III. Short Answers on: (10 x 3 = 30)
1. Describe the covalent bond.
2. Describe the effective half life.
3. Mention the important column generators used in nuclear medicine.
4. Mention the upper limit of Mo99 that can be permitted in Mo-Tc99m eluate.
5. What should be the optimum range of size of particles in Tc99m MAA preparation.
6. Mention the maximum energy of beta particle and energy of gamma ray in I131.
7. What is mean life of an isotope?
8. What is the common collimator used in nuclear medicine.
9. Describe the methods of labeling RBCs with Tc99m.
10. Mention the non-PET radiopharmaceuticals used in tumor imaging.
*******
Dr. MGR University AUGUST 2014 Question Paper
Subject : PAPER II – RADIOCHEMISTRY AND RADIO PHARMACY
[LF 0212] Sub. Code: 2112B.Sc. NUCLEAR MEDICINE TECHNOLOGY
SECOND YEAR
PAPER II – RADIOCHEMISTRY AND RADIO PHARMACY
Q.P. Code: 802112
Time : Three Hours Maximum : 100 marks
Answer ALL questions
I. Elaborate on: (3 x 10 = 30)
1. Explain the various quality control tests for a radio-pharmacetical.
2. Explain Iodination of I131 – mIBG.
3. Explain radionuclide separation techniques.
II. Write notes on: (8 x 5 = 40)
1. General methods of radiolabelling.
2. Line of stability.
3. Generator efficiency.
4. In-Vitro RBC cell labelling.
5. Transient Equilibrium.
6. Coordinate covalent bond.
7. Labelling IDA derivatives with Tc99m.
8. Ge68 – Ga68 generator system.
III. Short Answers on: (10 x 3 = 30)
1. Effective half life.
2. Steroisomers.
3. Carrier free.
4. Chemical structure of DTPA.
5. Buffer.
6. In-house preparations.
7. Head damaged RBC`s.
8. P-C-P bonds.
9. Sulfur colloid labeling.
10. Molarity.
*******
Dr. MGR University FEBRUARY 2015 Question Paper
Subject : PAPER II – RADIOCHEMISTRY AND RADIO PHARMACY
[LG 0212] Sub. Code: 2112B.Sc. NUCLEAR MEDICINE TECHNOLOGY
SECOND YEAR
PAPER II – RADIOCHEMISTRY AND RADIO PHARMACY
Q.P. Code: 802112
Time : Three Hours Maximum : 100 marks
Answer ALL questions
I. Elaborate on: (3 x 10 = 30)
1. Describe the six major methods in the preparation of labeled compounds.
2. What are ligands and chelating agents? Define coordination number and
explain complex formation.
3. Discuss the different radiopharmaceutical used for hepato biliary and
reticuloendotehlial imaging of liver.
II. Write notes on: (8 x 5 = 40)
1. Mention the methods of sterilization.
2. Describe the different mechanisms of localization of radiopharmaceutical
in a given organ.
3. Mention the upper limit of Mo99 that can be permitted in Mo-Tc99m eluate.
4. Why cadmium rods and graphite rods are used in reactor?
5. Describe the rabbit test for pyrogenicity testing.
6. Mention the features of an ideal therapeutic radiopharmaceutical.
7. List the ideal characteristics of a radionuclide generator.
8. What is the function of push-button isotope selector on a dose calibrator?
III. Short Answers on: (10 x 3 = 30)
1. Mention the different radiopharmaceutical used for cerebral perfusion imaging.
2. What are the common radionuclide contaminants in Moly generator?
3. Why is the specific activity of fission produced Isotopes are higher than
those in reactor (n.γ)?
4. What is the difference between MAA and colloid particles?
5. Why are gelatin and EDTA added toTc99m sulfur colloid?
6. State the recommended temperature for storage of Tc9m sulfur colloid.
7. Why do you wait for 3 hours for bone scan imaging after injection?
8. Mention the dose limits of packages of radioactive material.
9. What are the differences between an ionization chamber and Geiger Muller counter?
10. Name the two solvent systems used in Tc99m extraction.
*******
Dr. MGR University AUGUST 2015 Question Paper
Subject : PAPER II – RADIOCHEMISTRY AND RADIO PHARMACY
[LH 0815] Sub. Code: 2112B.Sc. NUCLEAR MEDICINE TECHNOLOGY
SECOND YEAR
PAPER II – RADIOCHEMISTRY AND RADIO PHARMACY
Q.P. Code: 802112
Time : Three Hours Maximum : 100 marks
Answer ALL questions
I. Elaborate on: (3 x 10 = 30)
1. What is DTPA? How is it useful in Nuclear Medicine. Elaborate on Preparation
of DTPA cold kit?
2. What are the different Nuclear Reactor produced medically useful Isotopes.
Write in detail on any ONE isotope?
3. What is pH value? Describe role of pH in preparation of radiopharmaceuticals.
II. Write notes on: (8 x 5 = 40)
1. Basic principles of Radio iodination.
2. Chemistry of Tc-99m.
3. Redox reactions.
4. Germanium- Gallium generator.
5. Radiochemical purity.
6. Fluorine-18 radiopharmaceuticals.
7. Pyrogen testing for radiopharmaceutical.
8. Ion exchange.
III. Short Answers on: (10 x 3 = 30)
1. Solvent extraction.
2. Analytic balance.
3. Specific activity.
4. Skeletal imaging agents.
5. Metathesis reactions.
6. Radiolabelling of leucocytes.
7. Role of Cadmium rods and graphite in the reactor.
8. Neutron capture.
9. Aluminium breakthrough.
10. What is an ideal radiopharmaceutical?
*******
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